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“Authorship” is one of the crucial elements in the publication process of modern medical journals. However, each author should be familiar with the authorship principles during the manuscript submission process. Authorship is imperative because the academic achievement of any author is often judged based on their published articles, giving credit as well as accountability for published work, which implicates academic, social, and financial benefits.
It is very important to ensure that people who have contributed to a paper are given credit as authors. Additionally, people who are recognized as authors must understand their responsibility and accountability for what is being published. Furthermore, authors play a vital role in experimental and clinical studies, which provide readers with insights into the author’s expertise in a particular field. Authorship modifications are difficult to execute in many prestigious journals and can only be approved for legitimate reasons. During manuscript submission, most journals even request a detailed description of each author to ensure equitable authorship attribution.
For example, if an author has clearly conceptualized and designed the study, analyzed and interpreted the data, drafted the manuscript, critically revised the important intellectual content, and approved the manuscript, what is the consensus for assigning authorship to them?
The recognition of the “First author” represents the major contribution to the research. Meanwhile, the corresponding author primarily takes over the responsibility of communication with the journal at the time of submission, peer review, and during the publication process. Additionally, they are typically involved in completing the journal's administrative requirements, including authorship details, ethical approval, documentation of clinical trial registration, and conflict of interest forms and statements. These responsibilities may be assigned to one or more co-authors, and the corresponding author must be promptly available for editorial queries during the submission and peer review process in a timely manner. It is necessary to respond to criticism of the work and support requests from the journal for data or other information related to publications.
To understand the importance of authorship, there are some relevant points that should be considered:
Clearly define the substantial contribution to the study design, data analysis, or interpretation; or the creation of new software used in the work.
Manuscript drafting or critical revision for intellectual content.
Manuscript approval for publication.
Ensure the responsibility of work, stating that any concerns for integrity and accuracy are thoroughly examined and addressed.
To encourage journal transparency, it is necessary to mention author contribution statements. This defines the statement of responsibility that should be specified by every author in the manuscript. However, at the time of manuscript submission, all authors should clearly describe, review, discuss, and agree to their individual contributions ahead of time. This will be published with the final manuscript, and the submitting author is responsible for describing the authors' contributions at the time of submission.
Involves identifying the authors responsible for scholarly work, and its sequence is aligned by the mutual decision of co-authors. They are basically involved in defining the order of authors, who should sign an agreement confirming their authorship. Based on journal policies, the permission of multiple first or corresponding authors is allowed in most cases. To avoid disputes, authorship should be clearly mentioned during manuscript drafting. This process ensures appropriate credit and accountability for research contributions. To improve transparency and unambiguous attribution of scholarly contributions, most journals require the ORCID iD of all corresponding authors at the time of manuscript submission. The “ORCID ID” is a unique identifier provided to researchers and academicians to differentiate their work from that of others with similar names.
In academics or professional research, the credits or contributions to a project or publication are sometimes assigned in a way that fails to accurately represent the real input or individual efforts. This is considered “unfair authorship” and imposes ethical issues and disputes, damaging professional reputations and trust within research teams. It includes:
Represents authors who are listed in the manuscript but did not contribute significantly to the research.
Refers to excluding authors, such as researchers and professional writers, from the author list despite their significant contribution to the research.
Refers to authorship without a significant role, often considered in a give-and-take relationship between researchers.
An author who has changed their name for reasons such as gender transition or religious conversion may request for their name, pronouns, and other relevant biographical information to be corrected on papers published prior to the change. The author can choose for this correction to happen silently, in which case there will be no note flagging the change on either the PDF or the HTML of the paper, or alternatively, they may do so by a formal public Author Correction..
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